Title: / DFU Disk & File Utilities for OpenVMS Alpha
& Revision Information:, This manual supersedes the DFU V2.7-A manual
Date: May 2003
" Operating System: OpenVMS Alpha 7.3-1 or higher
D This document is intended for system managers, and experienced file system users.
/ This manual consists of the following chapters:
B For related information on the ODS2/ODS5 file system, and OpenVMS > features used within this manual, see the following documents:
B The Disk / File utilities is a tool developed to help finding and B solving disk, directory and file problems. The usage of low-level C VMS-I/O features have resulted in a powerfull and high-performance G utility. Also, DFU provides many features which are not available with standard DCL commands.
F DFU supports all types of disk sets which comply to the OpenVMS ODS-2 F and ODS-5 standard, such as volume sets, stripe sets, shadow sets and % RAID sets, and combinations of these.
6 1.1 Command summary
> DFU provides the following functions (in alphabetical order) :
A Each function is described in detail in the command descriptions chapter.
; DFU is supported on OpenVMS V7.3-1 and higher (Alpha only). I 1.2 New features and bugfixes in V3.0
H This version of DFU offers some improved features, as well as bugfixes. ; The list below gives the changes since DFU version V2.7-A :
L 1.3 Support for ODS5 file system features
H DFU fully supports the ODS5 file system (also known as the Extended H File Specifications). The next paragraphs describes the details of using ODS5 features for DFU. > 1.3.1 Extended file names
D DFU supports the extended (ISO-Latin-1) file naming conventions for G ODS5. To work properly, however, the following process setting must be performed prior to using DFU:
$ SET PROCESS/PARSE=EXTENDED
H Failing to do so may result in errors, such as '%CLI-W-PARMDEL, invalid parameter delimiter'. J 1.3.2 Using case-sensitive file names
B OpenVMS V7.3-1 and higher supports treating of filenames as being B case-sensitive. However, DFU does NOT support case sensitive file A names. All file names used, or provided on the command line, are C treated as case-blind. In fact, DFU will temporary set the process E property to case-blind; it will be set back to the permanent process G setting on image run-down. For more information on case-sensitive file ? names see the OpenVMS Alpha Version 7.3-1 New Features and Documentation Overview. : 1.3.3 Using hardlinks
D DFU V3.0 fully supports ODS5 disks with hardlinks enabled. The only @ restriction is that the command DELETE/DIR/TREE requires SYSPRV H privilege on a disk with hardlinks enabled. The command VERIFY/DIR will & correctly report linkcount mismatches. B 1.4 Restrictions and Parameters
; DFU is supported on OpenVMS V7.3-1 and higher (Alpha only).
( The DFU program has a few restrictions :
C The following minimum process quotas are recommended for DFU usage:
C Whe using DFU on volume sets with a large number of members, it is 8 recommended to increase the SYSGEN parameter CHANNELCNT.
C If the DFU directory command is used on very large directory files C (> 1000 blocks) the following process parameters may need to be increased:
D There is no need to change any parameters unless DFU reports errors : such as EXCEEDED QUOTA or INSUFFICIENT WORKING SET LIMITS. B 1.5 Using an indirect file list
A There are 3 commands, DIRECTORY, DEFRAG and SET, which accept an D indirect file as input parameter. This is achieved by using the '@' F sign. An indirect file is a file containing a list of valid filenames C (each line in such a file must contain exactly one filename). Such D indirect files can be the output file of the DFU Search command eg.:
$ DFU 6 DFU> SEARCH <disk>/CHAR=DIRECTORY/OUTPUT=x.x DFU> DIRECTORY/COMPRESS @x.x
E DFU uses OpenVMS SMG (Screen Management library routines) to perform B output for an interactive DFU session. This chapter describes the D layout of the DFU screen, the special commands used only in the SMG & output and other items related to SMG. = 2.1 Enabling/Disabling SMG
F DFU automatically selects SMG output when performed on an interactive H DFU session on a terminal or workstation which supports SMG. In a batch H job or a non-DEC terminal DFU will use normal line oriented output. SMG G output can be explicitly disabled by defining the logical DFU$NOSMG to any value:
$ Define Dfu$Nosmg 1
T 2.2 Automatic switching between SMG and Line mode
@ To perform interactive DFU sessions in SMG mode, and single DFU D commands in normal line mode the following command procedure can be used:
0 $! Procedure to switch beteen SMG and line mode $ DFU = "$DFU" $ if p1 .eqs. "" $ then $!Interactive session $ $ define/user sys$input sys$command $ dfu $ else $!Single command so disable SMG $ define/user dfu$nosmg 1 . $ dfu 'p1' 'p2' 'p3' 'p4' 'p5' 'p6' 'p7' 'p8' $ endif $ exit
? 2.3 Layout of the SMG screen
6 After starting DFU the screen should look as follows :
Q +---------------------------------< DFU V3.0 >---------------------------+ K | | K | Disk and File Utilities for OpenVMS DFU V3.0 | K | | K | DFU functions are : | K | | K | DEFRAGMENT : Defragment files | K | DELETE : Delete files by File-ID; delete directory (trees) | K | DIRECTORY : Manipulate directories | K | INDEXF : Modify /View INDEXF.SYS | K | REPORT : Generate a complete disk report | K | SEARCH : Fast file search | K | SET : Modify file attributes | K | UNDELETE : Recover deleted files | K | VERIFY : Check and repair disk structure | K | | K | | K +----------------------------------Statistics----------------------------+ K | | K | | K +------------------------------------------------------------------------+ N DFU>
' This screen is divided into 3 sections:
> 2.4 Special Screen commands
: In SMG mode the following keys perform special functions :
E Although only some 20 lines are visible in the output (main) screen, C DFU in fact remembers 500 output lines. To scroll back and forward D through one screen, use the [NEXT SCREEN] and [PREV G SCREEN] keys, to scroll one line use the [REMOVE] and H [INSERT HERE] keys. At the beginning of each new DFU command these lines are cleared.
D DFU commands which produces a lot of output can paginate the output with the /PAGE qualifier.
F On a workstation with DECwindows/Motif or a virtual terminal emulator D (like PowerTerm) the output size can be changed to be more than the F standard 24 lines. DFU's SMG screen will automatically be adjusted to # the screen size of such a terminal.
6 2.5 CTRL/C Handling
H There are a few side effects when using SMG mode. CTRL/C and CTRL/Y are D catched but not echoed. Also all broadcast messages are trapped and C will be displayed in the main screen at the end of the current DFU H command. Sometimes this may slightly disrupt the main screen, which can 6 be repaired with the [CTRL/W] key sequence.
? Further, during the execution of a DFU command the cursor will F disappear. After the command finishes the cursor will reappear at the DFU> prompt.
F This chapter gives a brief overview of the commands which can be used ? with DFU, and how they can provide the system manager with the necessary information.
C One of most common actions by a system manager is trying to locate G specific files, eg. files with a certain file size. Although a lot can D be done with the VMS DIRECTORY command this can be a time consuming E process, especially if the complete disk must be scanned. The SEARCH D command of DFU is exactly meant for this situation. It gives a very H quick list of specific files, with their size, and if needed the number 4 of file fragments. Some useful SEARCH commands are :
A DFU> SEARCH disk/SIZE=MINIMUM=1000 ! (files > 1000 blocks) ; DFU> SEARCH disk/IDENT=SYSTEM ! (files owned by SYSTEM) M DFU> SEARCH disk/FRAGMENT=MINIMUM=10 ! (files with at least 10 fragments) @ DFU> SEARCH disk/CHAR=MARKED ! (all files marked for delete) R DFU> SEARCH disk/CREATED=SINCE=YESTERDAY ! (all files created since YESTERDAY)
H Of course these qualifiers can be combined to narrow the search. As the G SEARCH command scans INDEXF.SYS, not directories, the output generated G by SEARCH may look a bit random (but it is just the order in which the G file headers are in the INDEXF.SYS file). To sort the output the /SORT qualifier should be used.
H Another important action for a system manager is to gather some overall E disk information, such as number of files, free space statistics and H fragmentation information. The REPORT command will generate such a disk B report. To get individual disk space usage information the /USAGE E qualifier can be used. This will work even if there is no disk quota enabled on the disk.
D At regular intervals a system manager may need to check a disk with D ANALYZE/DISK. The DFU VERIFY command provides more or less the same F functionality but many times faster. The /FIX qualifier provides some H REPAIR options which (unlike ANALYZE/DISK/REPAIR) do NOT lock the disk, H and thus do not interfere with other disk operations. However, the disk : can be rebuilt completely by using the /REBUILD qualifier.
B Occasionaly a user will delete the wrong file, leaving the system G manager or operator with the tedious task of restoring the file from a H backup saveset. The UNDELETE command may be able to recover the file if C it has not yet been overwritten with a new one. Much care has been B taken to make this command as safe as possible; therefore no disk C corruptions will be the result of an UNDELETE. If DFU encounters a : problem with a deleted file it will refuse to UNDELETE it.
H Another type of typical system manager problems deals with directories. B The DFU command DIRECTORY can handle such problems. DIRECTORY can ? generate reports about empty directories (/EMPTY qualifier) or B directories which contain files with a certain number of versions @ (/VERSION=n qualifier). Also, directories may become internally D fragmented. This can be quickly solved with the /COMPRESS qualifier.
G A second problem with directories is in deleting a directory with many H files. This may take a long time when using the DCL DELETE *.* command. F This problem is solved by using DFU's DELETE/DIRECTORY command, which B can delete large directories some 10 times faster than the normal H DELETE command does. Also, using DELETE/DIR/TREE will delete a complete % directory tree with just one command.
D The disk's INDEXF.SYS file can sometimes pose special problems. The D file system limits the number of fragments for this file. Once this G limit is reached any attempt to create new files may result in a fatal E SYSTEM-F-HEADERFULL error. The INDEXF/ANALYZE can analyze and report E the current state of INDEXF.SYS. If needed the INDEXF/DEFRAG command H can defragment INDEXF.SYS whereas INDEXF/EXTEND allows preextending the B INDEXF.SYS with a required number of file headers in just one new F fragment. Normally a complete BACKUP/RESTORE or a re-INIT of the disk . would be necessary to perform these functions.
G The last 2 commands deal with individual files. SET allows settings of G some special file attributes. Since OpenVMS V6.0 this functionality is C also provided by the DCL SET FILE/ATTRIBUTE command, but DFU's SET offers some more options.
D The DEFRAG command is an interface to the MOVEFILE function offered F since OpenVMS 5.5 and higher. This allows a simple defragmentation of individual files.
F The next chapters gives a detailed description of each individual DFU command.
F OpenVMS 7.2 introduces an extension on the current ODS-2 file system, C called the Extended File Specifications, or ODS-5. This feature is H available only on Alpha systems. Also, OpenVMS 7.2 adds support for 255 G levels of subdirectories. This is often called deep-directory support. C Both features are fully supported by DFU V3.0. There is no need to C perform any special action to execute DFU commands on ODS-5 disks. D Nevertheless the following points are worth to be considered before using DFU on an ODS-5 disk:
$ SET PROCESS/PARSE=EXTENDEDF
F A DID-ed name looks like 'device:[x,y,z]file.ext'. As can be seen the H directory string has been replaced by the file id (x,y,z) of the parent B directory. For more information on file names under ODS5, see the > OpenVMS Guide to Extended File Specifications manual.
2 This chapter describes all DFU commands in detail. - 5.1 DEFRAG
F This chapter describes the DEFRAG command with the related parameters and qualifiers. 6 5.1.1 Description
F The DEFRAG command can be used to defragment a single file or a group G of files. An indirect command file containing a list of files can also E be used. With this feature one can create an output file with SEARCH # and use that as an input to DEFRAG.
D DEFRAG makes use of the file-primitive MOVEFILE function. Therefore = files which are open, or which are marked NOMOVE will not be DEFRAGmented.
9 5.1.2 Error messages
/ The most common errors returned by DEFRAG are :
1 Defragment a file or a list of files on the disk.
%DEFRAG file1,file2,@file...
file1,file2,@file...
F The file(s) to be defragmented. Also an indirect command file (@file) E can be used, which contains a list of files to be defragmented. This ? may be an output file generated with the SEARCH/OUTPUT command.
/BESTTRY
C Normally DEFRAG tries to create a contiguous file. If there is not H enough contiguous free space the operation will fail. With the /BESTTRY E qualifier DEFRAG tries to move the file with the contiguous-best-try E method. This means a maximum of 3 fragments. This qualifier could be B used if a normal DEFRAG command fails. If the DEFRAG/BESTTRY also ? fails, this is an indication that the disk's free space is too G fragmented. Run a REPORT to see what the largest contiguous free space 1 is, and check the free space fragmentation index./DEVICE
F The device on which the files reside. The device name is added to the G file name. When a file list was generated with the DFU SEARCH command, & this qualifier is not needed. Example:5 DFU> SEARCH mydisk/...../frag=min=50/output=x.x DFU> DEFRAG @x.x"/LBN=logical-block-number
H Forces a single file to be moved to the specified logical block number. : Do not use this qualifier when processing a list of files./STATISTICS
F This qualifier displays the performance statistics: CPU time, Elapsed Time, I/O and PageFaults./WRITECHECK
; Perform a writecheck on the resultant file. The default is E /NOWRITECHECK. Note that a writecheck doubles the number of involved disk I/O's.
- 5.2 DELETE
F This chapter describes the DELETE command with the related parameters and qualifiers. 6 5.2.1 Description
. The DELETE command is designed for 2 purposes:
Deletes files or directories.
/DELETE device[:] or directory-file(s)
device
? The device on which to perform the DELETE/FILE=file-id command.directory-file(s)
? The filespecification of the directory on which to perform the H DELETE/DIRECTORY command. Wildcard file specifications may be used. The F format must be disk:[directory]XXX.DIR where XXX.DIR is the directory 6 to be deleted. DFU will automatically add .DIR to the 1 file-specification if a filetype is not provided.
/DIRECTORY
H Specify the directory file which must be deleted. Wildcards may be used G but must be used very carefully. Make sure that the directory does not F contain non-empty subdirectories. Note that the directory file itself 9 will also be deleted, unless the /KEEP qualifier is used.Example:
$ DIR EXAMPLE Directory MYDISK:[RUBBISH] EXAMPLE.DIR;1 $ DFU % DFU> DELETE/DIRECTORY EXAMPLE.DIR : %DFU-I-CLEANUP, Deleting MYDISK:[RUBBISH]EXAMPLE.DIR;1... * %DFU-S-DELETED, File DBGINI.COM;3 deleted ( %DFU-S-DELETED, File ICON.COM;1 deleted * %DFU-S-DELETED, File I_FOOL.COM;1 deleted - %DFU-S-DELETED, File LOGICALS.COM;51 deleted * %DFU-S-DELETED, File LOGIN.COM;79 deleted * %DFU-S-DELETED, File LOGOUT.COM;4 deleted 1 %DFU-S-DELETED, File NOTE_COMPRESS.COM;3 deleted * %DFU-S-DELETED, File SHOWCL.COM;3 deleted , %DFU-S-DELETED, File SYMBOLS.COM;89 deleted , %DFU-S-DELETED, File TPUBUILD.COM;5 deleted ! %DFU-S-TOTAL, 11 file(s) deleted + %DFU-S-DELETED, File EXAMPLE.DIR;1 deleted
/FILE=file-id
C Specify a complete file-id (num,seq,rvn) of the file which must be C deleted. This qualifier allows the deletion of lost files or files marked for delete. Example :$ DFU DFU> VERIFY MYDISK: , %DFU-S-CHKHOME, Home block info verified OK & %DFU-I-IFSCAN, Scanning INDEXF.SYS... I %DFU-E-INVBAKFID, file (86,17915,1) 0004CF04$BFS.;1 has invalid backlink K %DFU-W-DELETED, file (537,2878,1) APPL_UTRYIT_BOOK.TMP;1 marked for delete . . . ( DFU> DELETE MYDISK/FILE=(86,17915,1) - %DFU-S-DELETED, File 0004CF04$BFS.;1 deleted ( DFU> DELETE MYDISK/FILE=(537,2878,1) 4 %DFU-S-DELETED, File APPL_UTRYIT_BOOK.TMP;1 deleted
/KEEP
E Preserve the directory tree; only delete the contents. /KEEP is only D valid with the /DIRECTORY qualifier. /KEEP works for DELETE/DIR and DELETE/DIR/TREE./NOLOG
A Do not log succesfull deletes to SYS$OUTPUT. /LOG is the default./NOREMOVE
H Can only be used with /FILE. Default DELETE/FILE will try to remove the H file from the parent directory. If the file's backlink no longer points @ to a valid directory this will generate an error. The /NOREMOVE E qualifier overrules this behaviour allowing such files to be deleted./STATISTICS
F This qualifier displays the performance statistics: CPU time, Elapsed Time, I/O and PageFaults./TREE
E Can only be used with /DIRECTORY. The delete command will delete all H subdirectories within the directory file specified. DFU will first sort D the subdirectory tree and then delete the files in the proper order.
0 5.3 DIRECTORY
> This chapter describes the DIRECTORY command with the related parameters and qualifiers. 7 5.3.1 Introduction
F The DIRECTORY command offers 7 major functions. 3 functions deal with > all directories on a disk, the other 4 functions are used for F manipulating individual directories. These functions are activated by special command qualifiers: